A few nice surface grinding China manufacturer China images I found:
Calendar Confusion (5774 / 2013) …item 5.. Time to shop for Thanksgivukkah (October 2, 2013) — won’t happen again for some 77,000 years …item 6.. Thanksgivukkah Recipes (Nov 6th, 2013) — PUMPKIN FRITTERS (dairy or pareve) …
Image by marsmet549
This year, the first day — and the second night — of Chanukah falls on Nov. 28, which also happens to be Thanksgiving. This particular coincidence, according to one calculation, won’t happen again for some 77,000 years, and some American Jews are pretty excited.
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……..*****All images are copyrighted by their respective authors ………
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… message header for item 1. Gobble tov! American Jews prepared for Thanksgivukkah
Let’s not forget a food mash-ups commemorating a staying energy of a Pilgrims and a fighting bravery of a Jews, along with a spectacle of one night’s oil durability 8 days. Pumpkin latkes, apple-cranberry salsa and deep-fried turkey, anyone?
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…..item 1)… Gobble tov! American Jews prepared for Thanksgivukkah …
… South Carolina News … www.scnewsfeed.com/ … Updated Every Hour …
HOME » COLUMBIA » CURRENTLY READING:
October 7, 2013
By LEANNE ITALIE
Associated Press
www.scnewsfeed.com/columbia/gobble-tov-american-jews-read…
NEW YORK (AP) – It’s a turkey. It’s a menorah. It’s Thanksgivukkah!
An intensely singular joining this year of Thanksgiving and a start of Hanukkah has combined a frenzy of Talmudic proportions.
There’s a series crunching: The final time it happened was 1888, or during slightest a final time given Thanksgiving was announced a sovereign holiday by President Lincoln, and a subsequent time competence have Jews lighting their candles from spaceships 79,043 years from now, by one calculation.
There’s a commerce: A 9-year-old New York child invented a “Menurkey” and lifted some-more than ,000 on Kickstarter for his already trademarked, Turkey-shaped menorah. Woodstock-inspired T-shirts have a turkey perched on a neck of a guitar and petition “8 Days of Light, Liberty Latkes.” The creators nabbed a heading to “Thanksgivukkah.”
Songs have popped adult with lyrics like these from “The Ballad of Thanksgivukkah”: “Imagine Judah Maccabee, sitting down to fry turkey and flitting a potatoes to Squanto …” Rabbi David Paskin, a song’s co-writer and co-head of a Kehillah Schechter Academy in Norwood, Mass., proudly declares his a Jewish day propagandize nearest Plymouth Rock.
Let’s not forget a food mash-ups commemorating a staying energy of a Pilgrims and a fighting bravery of a Jews, along with a spectacle of one night’s oil durability 8 days. Pumpkin latkes, apple-cranberry salsa and deep-fried turkey, anyone?
“It’s flattering extraordinary to me that in this nation we can have abounding physical and abounding eremite celebrations and that those of us who live in both worlds can find moments when they accommodate and can unequivocally applaud that convergence. There are a lot of places in a universe where we would not be means to do that,” Paskin said.
The lunisolar inlet of a Jewish calendar creates Hanukkah and other eremite observances seem to deposit somewhat from year to year when compared to a U.S., or Gregorian, calendar. But most of a amour over Hanukkah this year is buried low in a story of Thanksgiving itself, that hasn’t always been bound in a same spot. That caused some initial difficulty over Thanksgivukkah, aka Turkukkah.
In 1863, Lincoln announced Thanksgiving as a final Thursday in Nov (the month infrequently has 5 of those) and a holiday remained there until President Franklin D. Roosevelt sealed a corner fortitude of Congress regulating it as a fourth Thursday, starting in 1942.
Since 1863, Thanksgiving and a initial full day of Hanukkah on a Gregorian calendar have not overlapped. Jewish use calls for a initial candle of eight-day Hanukkah to be illuminated a night before Thanksgiving Day this year, so technically Thanksgivukkah falls on a “second candle” night.
And afterwards there’s Texas. Before 1863, any state motionless on a possess date for Thanksgiving. As late as 1956, Texans were still chowing down on turkey and stuffing a week after than everybody else, according to a story put together by Chabad.org of a Chabad-Lubavitch transformation of Hasidic Jews. That means Jews in that state competence have also been lighting their initial Hanukkah candle in 1945 and 1956.
There’s some-more early Thanksgiving science and 2,000 years of calendar tinkering involving a Jewish calendar, though we’ll gangling you.
Jonathan Mizrahi, a quantum physicist during Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, N.M., undetermined on a joining final January, in a blog post with buzzed-about line graphs picked adult by others online. More than 100,000 people have visited a blog given then, he said, including some who questioned his calculations and stirred him to post a integrate of clarifications.
He hadn’t done it transparent that he was referring to a “second candle” night of Hanukkah, and he hadn’t satisfied Thanksgiving had shifted from a final to a fourth Thursday of November.
The interest, Mizrahi said, “has truly blown me away. I’ve only been totally astounded during a series of responses.”
While a whole thing is lots of fun, is there anything truly vast function here?
Well, there’s Comet ISON, that is scheduled to pass tighten by a object on Thanksgiving this year and competence yield a good uncover – presumably even during daylight. Or not, given comets can’t always be counted on.
Mom-of-two Dana Gitell, who lives outward Boston, partnered with an artist and a Jewish present site Moderntribe to emanate and sell commemoration T-shirts, cards and a poster. She sees a happy and suggestive fluke and 10 percent of deduction will go to Mazon, a Jewish craving service organization.
“Cosmic? It’s only a day when Jews and a rest of America are celebrating on a same day,” she said. “It’s an event for us to unequivocally applaud a Jewish American experience, and to give interjection in America for a eremite leisure we suffer here, and for creation a Jewish American knowledge possible.”
___
Follow Leanne Italie on Twitter: www.twitter.com/litalie
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This element competence not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Article source: www.wistv.com/story/23627619/gobble-tov-american-jews-rea…
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…..item 2)…. youtube video … Paula Deen Deep-Fries a Thanksgiving Turkey … 6:40 minutes …
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BE-IqwE4pUE
Paula Deen
Uploaded on Nov 24, 2009
Hey y’all!
I know we said the Turkey video would go up on Wednesday, but so many of you were asking to see it before Thanksgiving, so here it is! Aunt Peggy and I take you through deep-frying a turkey, step by step. Make sure to listen to our tips on thawing, temperature, separating the innards, and cooking time.
Love and Best Dishes,
Paula
Category
Entertainment
License
Standard YouTube License
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— Get Cookin’ With Paula Deen
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— Deep Fried Turkey
… 12 pound turkey
… 2 tbsp. olive oil
… 1 cup Kosher salt
… 1/4 cup black pepper
… 1/4 cup garlic powder
… Marinade (optional)
… 2 gallons peanut oil
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…..item 3)…. youtube video … Deep Fried Turkey … 7:46 minutes …
www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lnuYFV_b0k
Cooking From The Cave with Chef Pete Trusiak
Uploaded on Nov 10, 2011
Chef Pete deep frys a turkey and we lose the footage of him removing the turkey, so then we have to deep fry a whole chicken the next weekend and substitute the footage…
For printable recipes, visit cookingfromthecave.tv!
Category
Education
License
Standard YouTube License
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…..item 4)…. youtube video … Turkey Deep Fat Fryer Public Service Announcment … 1:03 minutes ….
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsiAfyctZCk
CobbFireVideos
Uploaded on Nov 24, 2008
A comedic look at what happens when you place a frozen turkey in a deep fat fryer.
Category
Education
License
Standard YouTube License
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Cobb County Georgia Firefighter
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… Thaw bird COMPLETELY!
… Use correct amount of oil
… Cook outdoors only and away from flammables
… Keep children and pets away
… Ready your owner’s manual
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Cobb County State of Georgia
For more information go to www.ul.com/consumers/turkeys.html
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…..item 5)…. Time to shop for Thanksgivukkah …
… JewishJournal.com … www.jewishjournal.com/ …
Los Angeles …
October 2, 2013
BY JONAH LOWENFELD
Follow JewishJournal.com on twitter
www.jewishjournal.com/los_angeles/article/time_to_shop_fo…
Now that the parade of Jewish holidays has passed, it’s time to start planning for the impending arrival of an unprecedented hybrid: “Thanksgivukah” is coming!
This year, the first day — and the second night — of Chanukah falls on Nov. 28, which also happens to be Thanksgiving. This particular coincidence, according to one calculation, won’t happen again for some 77,000 years, and some American Jews are pretty excited.
“I’ve been thinking about it for so long,” said Dana Gitell, who first noticed this curiosity on her calendar about a year ago and has created a line of T-shirts and greeting cards to celebrate the holiday. “My kids can’t wait. They think everybody celebrates Thanksgivukah.”
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img code photo …. Happy Thanksgivukkah 2013
www.jewishjournal.com/images/featured/com_thanksgivukkah-…
Gothukkah poster. Photos courtesy of Dana Gitell
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Gitell, who lives in a suburb of Boston and works in marketing, loves imagining “mashups” of the two holidays — turkeys with latkes, pilgrims and rabbis, dreidel balloons at the Macy’s Thanksgivukah Day Parade.
The hybrid holiday — which Gitell has chosen to spell with a double-K “Thanksgivukkah” and holds two trademarks on the usage of that name — offers a chance to celebrate both Jewish and American values, she said. Her cards and T-shirts — designed by Los Angeles-based illustrator Kim DeMarco — use icons of both holidays, and in the spirit of the season, 10 percent of the proceeds from sales will be donated to MAZON, the Jewish anti-hunger nonprofit.
Thanksgiving always falls on the fourth Thursday in November, and the next time American Jews will light Chanukah candles at Thanksgiving will be in 2070, when the first night of the festival begins at sundown on Nov. 27. That overlap hasn’t happened since 1918 — although in both 1945 and 1956, Jews in Texas and other states still celebrating “Republican Thanksgiving” on the last Thursday of November may have marked the combined holidays.
Regardless, because the Jewish lunar calendar is slowly falling out of sync with the solar calendar — with Jewish holidays moving forward through the seasons at a rate of four days every 1,000 years — Chanukah has slowly but surely been moving deeper into winter and away from Thanksgiving.
This year, however, Chanukah begins at sundown on Wednesday, Nov. 27, which means that the entire day of Thanksgiving overlaps with the Jewish holiday. So on Thursday night — sometime during the first quarter of the Steelers-Ravens game, for those on the West Coast — families can fire up two candles in their menorahs, plus the shamash, of course.
To do so, they may well use a “menurkey” — a ceramic menorah in the shape of a turkey, the brainchild of Asher Weintraub, 9. Asher and his father, Anthony, funded the ,000 project through a Kickstarter campaign that concluded in early September.
Then there’s the food — ideas for hybrids like sweet potato latkes and cranberry sauce-filled doughnuts abound.
“Manischewitz broth is the official broth of Thanksgivukah,” said Courtney Manders, who works with Manischewitz as an account executive at The Bender Group, a public relations firm in New Jersey. The 125-year-old manufacturer China known for its matzah and gefilte fish makes a full line of beef, chicken and vegetable broths, Manders said, and last year introduced a new broth — turkey. “That works out perfectly for a lot of Thanksgivukah dishes,” Manders said.
Manischewitz tapped kosher chef Jamie Geller to come up with some appropriately hybridized dishes and is sponsoring a “mash-up recipe contest” starting in October to identify other culinary ways to celebrate Thanksgivukah. The company China also launched an online contest to make a short video about Thanksgivukah, which so far has drawn a handful of ideas, including one titled “Close Encounters of the Thanksgivukah Kind.” The best video wins a prize of ,000, second place gets ,000, and videos must be submitted by Oct. 10 to be eligible. (No pilgrims, Native Americans or non-kosher animals, the online brief says — and don’t mention Manischewitz wine, because “that is actually a separate company China.”)
Like all things Chanukah-related, there’s a healthy dose of consumerism involved in this holiday. One listing on eBay describes a box of 12 Shabbat candles in “autumnal shades of Yellow, Orange, Green and Purple” as being ideal “for a peaceful Sabbath at ‘Thanksgivukah’ or throughout the year.” Another seller is hawking a plastic dreidel filled with kosher candy corn as a “Thanksgivukah Special.”
Deborah Gitell — sister-in-law of the Thanksgivukah greeting cards and T-shirts creator — is planning a Thanksgivukkah Festival for Nov. 29, to be hosted by Craig Taubman’s Pico Union Project in Los Angeles.
She’s trying to raise ,000 through the crowd-funding site Jewcer to make the festival happen, and said some musical acts — including the Moshav Band and Beit T’Shuvah Band — have already confirmed their participation. The Canter’s Deli food truck and Shmaltz Brewing Co. are also on board; proceeds from the event will support Pico Union’s theater programs and MAZON.
Thanksgivukah’s attraction lies, for the most part, in its rarity.
“If the Jewish calendar is never modified in any way … [the first day of] Hanukkah will again fall on Thursday, Nov. 28, in the year 79811,” Jonathan Mizrahi, who holds a doctorate in physics and works for Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, N.M., wrote in a blog post in January of this year.
Sure, Mizrahi notes, the Jewish calendar is likely to be modified long before then, since Passover must be in the spring. If the Jewish calendar were to be allowed to fall out of sync with the seasons and loop all the way around — Rosh Hashanah in July, anyone? — Chanukah and Thanksgiving would meet again in 76695, when the eighth day of Chanukah coincides with the autumnal American festival.
“In all honesty, though, all of these dates are unfathomably far in the future,” Mizrahi writes, “which was really the point.”
Dana Gitell’s T-shirts — available for sale at ModernTribe.com () — play up that aspect.
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img code photo … Thanksgivukkah 2013 … 8 days of Light Liberty & Latkes
www.jewishjournal.com/images/featured/com_thanksgivukkah-…
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“Our design is inspired by the logo for Woodstock,” Dana Gitell said of the T-shirts, and compared Thanksgivukah to another relatively recent, once-in-history moment.
“It’s a bit like Y2K,” she said. “You were there, you lived through it, and it’ll never happen again.”
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…..item 6)…. Thanksgivukkah Recipes …
… ORTHODOX UNION … www.ou.org/life/food/ … Enhancing Jewish Life …
By Eileen Goltz | Nov 6th, 2013 |
www.ou.org/life/food/thanksgivukkah-recipes/#.UoF4enDUDG
In case you didn’t notice, a new national holiday has been created this year. Thanksgivukkah is the day when latkes and turkey go hand in hand and pumpkin pie and chocolate coins and draydels compete for best dessert. Every so often, our wandering Jewish calendar decides that Chanukah should begin in late November or early December. Having the 2nd day of the miracle of lights falling on Turkey Day allows me the opportunity to create some really fun recipes.
So what, you ask, am I going to be making to serve with both a turkey and stuffing and a menorah and latkes? Read the recipes below and find out.
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— PUMPKIN FRITTERS (dairy or pareve)
… 2 cups mashed pumpkin
… ½ cup flour
… 2 teaspoons baking powder,
… Pinch of salt
… 1 beaten egg
… A little milk or water if the dough is too stiff
… Oil for frying
… Cinnamon sugar mixture
In a bowl combine all the ingredients except the oil, water or milk. Mix to combine and add the liquid if needed. Heat about 1/2 inch of oil in a deep sauce pan and drop lightly rounded tablespoons of dough into the hot oil (only cook 4 or 5 at a time so you don’t over crowd the pot). Cook, flipping the dough ball as it becomes golden on one side. Repeat on the other side. Remove when golden and drain the fritter on paper towels. When cool and drained for a minute or so sprinkle the fried fritters with the cinnamon and sugar. Makes 14 to 16 depending on how big you make the fritters.
Submitted by Essie Ruthers Denver CO.
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— FRIED PIES (dairy or pareve)
Dough:
… 4 cups flour
… 2 teaspoons salt
… 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
… Pinch ground cloves
… 1 cup shortening
… 1 cup milk or non dairy substitute
Filling:
… 4 oz. dried apricots
… 4 oz. dried cherries
… 6 oz package dried peaches
… 3/4 cup white sugar
… Pinch of cinnamon
… water to cover
… 2 cups vegetable oil for frying
In a large saucepan, combine apricots, cherries, peaches, cinnamon and sugar. Add enough water to just cover fruit. Cover pan and cook at a simmer, until the fruit is soft. Take off the lid and continue cooking until all the water is gone. Let the mixture cool for at least an hour before filling your pies
When you’re ready to make your pies combine the flour, cinnamon, clove and salt in a large bowl. Cut in the shortening with a fork or knife until mixture is crumbly. Mix in the liquid and stir until dough forms a ball. Roll out the dough on a floured surface (about ¼ inch thick) and cut into 18 6 inch circles.
Divide the filling between the circles (about 1/2 tablespoon each or a bit more) making sure to keep the filling in the center (do not over fill) of each circle. Fold the circle in half making sure that none of the filling is leaking out. Seal the edges of the half circle with by pressing a fork dipped in cold water along the edge
In a skillet heat the oil to a medium temperature. Fry a few of the pies at a time, flipping once the first side is browned. Drain on paper towels. Cool slightly before serving as the filling will be HOT. Makes 18 (you can make the circles a bit bigger if you like).
My files source unknown.
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— BAKED SWEET POTATO FRIES (pareve)
(NOTE: You don’t have to use the corn starch in the recipe, but I just think it makes the fries crisper.)
… Sweet potatoes (1 per person).
… 1/2 teaspoon corn starch per potato. (optional)
… 3 or 4 tablespoons olive oil.
… Salt and pepper
… paprika or garlic powder or onion powder (optional)
Preheat the oven to 450. Peel the sweet potatoes and cut them into long, fry shaped pieces (try to keep the size uniform). In a large bowl combine the sweet potato, oil, corn starch (if using) salt, pepper and whatever spice you decide you like. Mix REALLY WELL so that everything is coated. Lightly spray a cookie sheet with sides with non stick vegetable spray and spread the sweet potato fries on top. Don’t overlap the fries. Bake for 13 to 15 minutes, then turn the fries over so bottom can cook too. (I use a metal spatula) Bake an additional 10 to 15 more minutes until the fries are bubbly, crispy and the edges look just a bit burnt.
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My files, source unknown.
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© Eileen Goltz chan13
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Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: Space Shuttle Enterprise (port hatchway open)
Image by Chris Devers
See more photos of this, and the Wikipedia article.
Details, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Space Shuttle Enterprise:
Manufacturer:
Rockwell International Corporation
Country of Origin:
United States of America
Dimensions:
Overall: 57 ft. tall x 122 ft. long x 78 ft. wing span, 150,000 lb.
(1737.36 x 3718.57 x 2377.44cm, 68039.6kg)
Materials:
Aluminum airframe and body with some fiberglass features; payload bay doors are graphite epoxy composite; thermal tiles are simulated (polyurethane foam) except for test samples of actual tiles and thermal blankets.
The first Space Shuttle orbiter, "Enterprise," is a full-scale test vehicle used for flights in the atmosphere and tests on the ground; it is not equipped for spaceflight. Although the airframe and flight control elements are like those of the Shuttles flown in space, this vehicle has no propulsion system and only simulated thermal tiles because these features were not needed for atmospheric and ground tests. "Enterprise" was rolled out at Rockwell International’s assembly facility in Palmdale, California, in 1976. In 1977, it entered service for a nine-month-long approach-and-landing test flight program. Thereafter it was used for vibration tests and fit checks at NASA centers, and it also appeared in the 1983 Paris Air Show and the 1984 World’s Fair in New Orleans. In 1985, NASA transferred "Enterprise" to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum.
Transferred from National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• • •
Quoting from Wikipedia | Space Shuttle Enterprise:
The Space Shuttle Enterprise (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-101) was the first Space Shuttle orbiter. It was built for NASA as part of the Space Shuttle program to perform test flights in the atmosphere. It was constructed without engines or a functional heat shield, and was therefore not capable of spaceflight.
Originally, Enterprise had been intended to be refitted for orbital flight, which would have made it the second space shuttle to fly after Columbia. However, during the construction of Columbia, details of the final design changed, particularly with regard to the weight of the fuselage and wings. Refitting Enterprise for spaceflight would have involved dismantling the orbiter and returning the sections to subcontractors across the country. As this was an expensive proposition, it was determined to be less costly to build Challenger around a body frame (STA-099) that had been created as a test article. Similarly, Enterprise was considered for refit to replace Challenger after the latter was destroyed, but Endeavour was built from structural spares instead.
Service
Construction began on the first orbiter on June 4, 1974. Designated OV-101, it was originally planned to be named Constitution and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976. A write-in campaign by Trekkies to President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named after the Starship Enterprise, featured on the television show Star Trek. Although Ford did not mention the campaign, the president—who during World War II had served on the aircraft carrier USS Monterey (CVL-26) that served with USS Enterprise (CV-6)—said that he was "partial to the name" and overrode NASA officials.
The design of OV-101 was not the same as that planned for OV-102, the first flight model; the tail was constructed differently, and it did not have the interfaces to mount OMS pods. A large number of subsystems—ranging from main engines to radar equipment—were not installed on this vehicle, but the capacity to add them in the future was retained. Instead of a thermal protection system, its surface was primarily fiberglass.
In mid-1976, the orbiter was used for ground vibration tests, allowing engineers to compare data from an actual flight vehicle with theoretical models.
On September 17, 1976, Enterprise was rolled out of Rockwell’s plant at Palmdale, California. In recognition of its fictional namesake, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry and most of the principal cast of the original series of Star Trek were on hand at the dedication ceremony.
Approach and landing tests (ALT)
Main article: Approach and Landing Tests
On January 31, 1977, it was taken by road to Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, to begin operational testing.
While at NASA Dryden, Enterprise was used by NASA for a variety of ground and flight tests intended to validate aspects of the shuttle program. The initial nine-month testing period was referred to by the acronym ALT, for "Approach and Landing Test". These tests included a maiden "flight" on February 18, 1977 atop a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) to measure structural loads and ground handling and braking characteristics of the mated system. Ground tests of all orbiter subsystems were carried out to verify functionality prior to atmospheric flight.
The mated Enterprise/SCA combination was then subjected to five test flights with Enterprise unmanned and unactivated. The purpose of these test flights was to measure the flight characteristics of the mated combination. These tests were followed with three test flights with Enterprise manned to test the shuttle flight control systems.
Enterprise underwent five free flights where the craft separated from the SCA and was landed under astronaut control. These tests verified the flight characteristics of the orbiter design and were carried out under several aerodynamic and weight configurations. On the fifth and final glider flight, pilot-induced oscillation problems were revealed, which had to be addressed before the first orbital launch occurred.
On August 12, 1977, the space shuttle Enterprise flew on its own for the first time.
Preparation for STS-1
Following the ALT program, Enterprise was ferried among several NASA facilities to configure the craft for vibration testing. In June 1979, it was mated with an external tank and solid rocket boosters (known as a boilerplate configuration) and tested in a launch configuration at Kennedy Space Center Launch Pad 39A.
Retirement
With the completion of critical testing, Enterprise was partially disassembled to allow certain components to be reused in other shuttles, then underwent an international tour visiting France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the U.S. states of California, Alabama, and Louisiana (during the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition). It was also used to fit-check the never-used shuttle launch pad at Vandenberg AFB, California. Finally, on November 18, 1985, Enterprise was ferried to Washington, D.C., where it became property of the Smithsonian Institution.
Post-Challenger
After the Challenger disaster, NASA considered using Enterprise as a replacement. However refitting the shuttle with all of the necessary equipment needed for it to be used in space was considered, but instead it was decided to use spares constructed at the same time as Discovery and Atlantis to build Endeavour.
Post-Columbia
In 2003, after the breakup of Columbia during re-entry, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board conducted tests at Southwest Research Institute, which used an air gun to shoot foam blocks of similar size, mass and speed to that which struck Columbia at a test structure which mechanically replicated the orbiter wing leading edge. They removed a fiberglass panel from Enterprise’s wing to perform analysis of the material and attached it to the test structure, then shot a foam block at it. While the panel was not broken as a result of the test, the impact was enough to permanently deform a seal. As the reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) panel on Columbia was 2.5 times weaker, this suggested that the RCC leading edge would have been shattered. Additional tests on the fiberglass were canceled in order not to risk damaging the test apparatus, and a panel from Discovery was tested to determine the effects of the foam on a similarly-aged RCC leading edge. On July 7, 2003, a foam impact test created a hole 41 cm by 42.5 cm (16.1 inches by 16.7 inches) in the protective RCC panel. The tests clearly demonstrated that a foam impact of the type Columbia sustained could seriously breach the protective RCC panels on the wing leading edge.
The board determined that the probable cause of the accident was that the foam impact caused a breach of a reinforced carbon-carbon panel along the leading edge of Columbia’s left wing, allowing hot gases generated during re-entry to enter the wing and cause structural collapse. This caused Columbia to spin out of control, breaking up with the loss of the entire crew.
Museum exhibit
Enterprise was stored at the Smithsonian’s hangar at Washington Dulles International Airport before it was restored and moved to the newly built Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum‘s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center at Dulles International Airport, where it has been the centerpiece of the space collection. On April 12, 2011, NASA announced that Space Shuttle Discovery, the most traveled orbiter in the fleet, will be added to the collection once the Shuttle fleet is retired. When that happens, Enterprise will be moved to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City, to a newly constructed hangar adjacent to the museum. In preparation for the anticipated relocation, engineers evaluated the vehicle in early 2010 and determined that it was safe to fly on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft once again.
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: Space Shuttle Enterprise in the James McDonnell Space Hangar
Image by Chris Devers
See more photos of this, and the Wikipedia article.
Details, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Space Shuttle Enterprise:
Manufacturer:
Rockwell International Corporation
Country of Origin:
United States of America
Dimensions:
Overall: 57 ft. tall x 122 ft. long x 78 ft. wing span, 150,000 lb.
(1737.36 x 3718.57 x 2377.44cm, 68039.6kg)
Materials:
Aluminum airframe and body with some fiberglass features; payload bay doors are graphite epoxy composite; thermal tiles are simulated (polyurethane foam) except for test samples of actual tiles and thermal blankets.
The first Space Shuttle orbiter, "Enterprise," is a full-scale test vehicle used for flights in the atmosphere and tests on the ground; it is not equipped for spaceflight. Although the airframe and flight control elements are like those of the Shuttles flown in space, this vehicle has no propulsion system and only simulated thermal tiles because these features were not needed for atmospheric and ground tests. "Enterprise" was rolled out at Rockwell International’s assembly facility in Palmdale, California, in 1976. In 1977, it entered service for a nine-month-long approach-and-landing test flight program. Thereafter it was used for vibration tests and fit checks at NASA centers, and it also appeared in the 1983 Paris Air Show and the 1984 World’s Fair in New Orleans. In 1985, NASA transferred "Enterprise" to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum.
Transferred from National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• • •
Quoting from Wikipedia | Space Shuttle Enterprise:
The Space Shuttle Enterprise (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-101) was the first Space Shuttle orbiter. It was built for NASA as part of the Space Shuttle program to perform test flights in the atmosphere. It was constructed without engines or a functional heat shield, and was therefore not capable of spaceflight.
Originally, Enterprise had been intended to be refitted for orbital flight, which would have made it the second space shuttle to fly after Columbia. However, during the construction of Columbia, details of the final design changed, particularly with regard to the weight of the fuselage and wings. Refitting Enterprise for spaceflight would have involved dismantling the orbiter and returning the sections to subcontractors across the country. As this was an expensive proposition, it was determined to be less costly to build Challenger around a body frame (STA-099) that had been created as a test article. Similarly, Enterprise was considered for refit to replace Challenger after the latter was destroyed, but Endeavour was built from structural spares instead.
Service
Construction began on the first orbiter on June 4, 1974. Designated OV-101, it was originally planned to be named Constitution and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976. A write-in campaign by Trekkies to President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named after the Starship Enterprise, featured on the television show Star Trek. Although Ford did not mention the campaign, the president—who during World War II had served on the aircraft carrier USS Monterey (CVL-26) that served with USS Enterprise (CV-6)—said that he was "partial to the name" and overrode NASA officials.
The design of OV-101 was not the same as that planned for OV-102, the first flight model; the tail was constructed differently, and it did not have the interfaces to mount OMS pods. A large number of subsystems—ranging from main engines to radar equipment—were not installed on this vehicle, but the capacity to add them in the future was retained. Instead of a thermal protection system, its surface was primarily fiberglass.
In mid-1976, the orbiter was used for ground vibration tests, allowing engineers to compare data from an actual flight vehicle with theoretical models.
On September 17, 1976, Enterprise was rolled out of Rockwell’s plant at Palmdale, California. In recognition of its fictional namesake, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry and most of the principal cast of the original series of Star Trek were on hand at the dedication ceremony.
Approach and landing tests (ALT)
Main article: Approach and Landing Tests
On January 31, 1977, it was taken by road to Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, to begin operational testing.
While at NASA Dryden, Enterprise was used by NASA for a variety of ground and flight tests intended to validate aspects of the shuttle program. The initial nine-month testing period was referred to by the acronym ALT, for "Approach and Landing Test". These tests included a maiden "flight" on February 18, 1977 atop a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) to measure structural loads and ground handling and braking characteristics of the mated system. Ground tests of all orbiter subsystems were carried out to verify functionality prior to atmospheric flight.
The mated Enterprise/SCA combination was then subjected to five test flights with Enterprise unmanned and unactivated. The purpose of these test flights was to measure the flight characteristics of the mated combination. These tests were followed with three test flights with Enterprise manned to test the shuttle flight control systems.
Enterprise underwent five free flights where the craft separated from the SCA and was landed under astronaut control. These tests verified the flight characteristics of the orbiter design and were carried out under several aerodynamic and weight configurations. On the fifth and final glider flight, pilot-induced oscillation problems were revealed, which had to be addressed before the first orbital launch occurred.
On August 12, 1977, the space shuttle Enterprise flew on its own for the first time.
Preparation for STS-1
Following the ALT program, Enterprise was ferried among several NASA facilities to configure the craft for vibration testing. In June 1979, it was mated with an external tank and solid rocket boosters (known as a boilerplate configuration) and tested in a launch configuration at Kennedy Space Center Launch Pad 39A.
Retirement
With the completion of critical testing, Enterprise was partially disassembled to allow certain components to be reused in other shuttles, then underwent an international tour visiting France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the U.S. states of California, Alabama, and Louisiana (during the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition). It was also used to fit-check the never-used shuttle launch pad at Vandenberg AFB, California. Finally, on November 18, 1985, Enterprise was ferried to Washington, D.C., where it became property of the Smithsonian Institution.
Post-Challenger
After the Challenger disaster, NASA considered using Enterprise as a replacement. However refitting the shuttle with all of the necessary equipment needed for it to be used in space was considered, but instead it was decided to use spares constructed at the same time as Discovery and Atlantis to build Endeavour.
Post-Columbia
In 2003, after the breakup of Columbia during re-entry, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board conducted tests at Southwest Research Institute, which used an air gun to shoot foam blocks of similar size, mass and speed to that which struck Columbia at a test structure which mechanically replicated the orbiter wing leading edge. They removed a fiberglass panel from Enterprise’s wing to perform analysis of the material and attached it to the test structure, then shot a foam block at it. While the panel was not broken as a result of the test, the impact was enough to permanently deform a seal. As the reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) panel on Columbia was 2.5 times weaker, this suggested that the RCC leading edge would have been shattered. Additional tests on the fiberglass were canceled in order not to risk damaging the test apparatus, and a panel from Discovery was tested to determine the effects of the foam on a similarly-aged RCC leading edge. On July 7, 2003, a foam impact test created a hole 41 cm by 42.5 cm (16.1 inches by 16.7 inches) in the protective RCC panel. The tests clearly demonstrated that a foam impact of the type Columbia sustained could seriously breach the protective RCC panels on the wing leading edge.
The board determined that the probable cause of the accident was that the foam impact caused a breach of a reinforced carbon-carbon panel along the leading edge of Columbia’s left wing, allowing hot gases generated during re-entry to enter the wing and cause structural collapse. This caused Columbia to spin out of control, breaking up with the loss of the entire crew.
Museum exhibit
Enterprise was stored at the Smithsonian’s hangar at Washington Dulles International Airport before it was restored and moved to the newly built Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum‘s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center at Dulles International Airport, where it has been the centerpiece of the space collection. On April 12, 2011, NASA announced that Space Shuttle Discovery, the most traveled orbiter in the fleet, will be added to the collection once the Shuttle fleet is retired. When that happens, Enterprise will be moved to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City, to a newly constructed hangar adjacent to the museum. In preparation for the anticipated relocation, engineers evaluated the vehicle in early 2010 and determined that it was safe to fly on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft once again.
Calendar Confusion (5774 / 2013) ...item 5.. Time to shop for Thanksgivukkah (October 2, 2013) -- won’t happen again for some 77,000 years ...item 6.. Thanksgivukkah Recipes (Nov 6th, 2013) -- PUMPKIN FRITTERS (dairy or pareve) ...
